Modern calculators

Calculator

SearchPrevious, navigation, Jump (Calcium)Next (Caleb)A Basic calculator

An calculatoris an instrument used for conducting calculations. Modern calculators usually include a general-purpose computing system, but they are often designed to carry out specific tasks. For instance graphing calculators focus on graph-centered math such as trigonometry and statistics. Modern calculators are much more portable than the majority of computers although some personal digital aids (PDAs) are comparable in size with hand-held calculators.

Since calculatorsare miniature, one day devices that are as tiny as credit cards may perform the same calculations that are currently used in large scientific calculators. Another possible advance may be like a handheld computer with the exception that the numbers are not input by buttons but written on screens. In this way, the need for buttons would be eliminated and the overall size of the device will be further reduced.

Overview

in the past mechanical clerical aids such as abaci, comptometers and Napier's bones, mathematical books, slides, tables, or mechanical adders were used for numeric work. The term "calculator" denoted a person who did such work for a living , using such devices as well the pen or paper. This semi-manual process of calculation was tedious and error-prone.

Modern calculators are electrically powered and come in various dimensions and shapes, ranging from low-cost, give-away credit card-sized models to more sturdy models with adding machine-like features that include built-in printers.

Electronic calculators

In the past, some calculators were larger than today's computers. These first calculators that were mechanical were mechanical desktop calculators, which were soon replaced by electromechanical desktop calculators, and then by electronic devices using first thermionics valves, and then transistors, then hard-wired integrated circuit logic. Nowadays, the majority of calculators are hand-held electronic devices.

Basic configuration

The complexity of calculators can vary depending on the purpose for which they are designed. A simple modern calculator might comprise of the following components:

  • A source of energy such as a batteries or a solar panel or both
  • Displays are typically made from LED lights or liquid crystal (LCD), capable of showing a range of numbers (typically between 8 and 10)
  • Electronic circuitry
  • A keypad containing:
    • The ten digits, 0 through 9
    • The decimal point
    • The equals sign, which is used to ask for the answer
    • The four arithmetic functions (namely subtraction multiplication and division)
    • The cancel button is used to eliminate the current calculation
    • The buttons for on and off
    • Other functions that are fundamental are square root, for example and percent (%).
  • Advanced models could have an individual number memory, which can be recalled where necessary. There may also be an Cancel Entry button to remove the numbers currently entered.

Since the 1980s, simple calculators have been included in other small gadgets, such as mobile phones, pagers, or wrist watches.

Electronic calculators with advanced technology

More sophisticated scientific calculators offer trigonometric, statistical, as well as additional mathematical capabilities. The most advanced modern calculators have graphics and incorporate features of computer algebra systems. They are also programmable; calculator software includes solvers for algebraic equations along with financial models, and games. A majority of these calculators are able to print numbers of up to 10 decimal places or digits in full on the screen. Scientific notation can be used to indicate numbers as large as 9.999999999*10 99. If a greater number or a mathematical equation that returns an even greater number than it is entered (a frequent example is typing "100! ", read as "100 factorial") then the calculator will simply display "error."

"Error" is also displayed in the event that a function or operation is mathematically undefined or mathematically. For instance, division by zero or even root of numbers that are negative (most scientific calculators do not allow complex numbers, though some expensive ones do have a special function for working with complex numbers). However, some, but not all calculators can recognize these two kinds of "error," though when they do, it's not easy for the user to understand because they're usually listed in the form of "error 1" or "error 2."

A few companies create and manufacture modern financial and engineering calculators for professionals the most well-known ones are Casio, Sharp, Hewlett-Packard (HP) as well as Texas Instruments (TI). Such calculators are good models of embedded technology.

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